Was being systematically recorded. Though war was often raging, knowledge was so revered that a scientific paper could be presented in the adversary’s capital city by leave of passage. The author Patrick O’Brian, in his series of nautical novels, illustrates this fervor with his mythical character Dr Stephen Maturin, who travels the New World as a surgeon on a man-for-war, gathering and recording at every spare moment. Late Victorian writers were to refer to this period as having a ‘mania’ for the glasshouse. This fanaticism spread internationally. Already in 1810, Walter Nicol wrote that’ a garden is not now reckoned complete without a greenhouse, or conservatory with flued walls and with frames and lights’. Such a conservatory was built in 1803-5 by Napoleon Bonaparte’s wife, Josephine de Beauharnais. It was located in the surrounding park of the seventeenth-century Chateau Malmaison, with adjoining farms on a bend in the seine, six miles from the outskirts of present-day Pairs. She had purchased the estate in 1799, three years after her marriage, while Bonaparte was in Egypt. During the Peace of Amiens(signed in 1802 and lasting fourteen months ) Francois de Meneval, Bonaparte’s secretary, translated Josephine’s correspondence with European and English botanists and nurserymen with whom she traded new and rare plants for the collection she was forming, which, along with her roses, was to become one of the finest in Europe.
The major experimenters in glasshouse design, the professional gardeners, developed artificial climates with rigorous empiricism. They presented their innovations in newly founded forums: horticultural societies, periodicals and gardening books. John Claudius Loudon, in his introduction to Remarks on the Construction of Hot-Houses of 1817, described the new era of interest that infused London’s horticultural and botanical societies; members included ‘men of rank and influence’, scientists and keen gardeners, who gave ‘a degree of éclat and salutary consequence to the study’. Loudon was taken with the spirit of ‘this liberal and improving age’, and he enthused about his own field of glass horticulture, which now enabled people to
‘exhibit spring and summer in the midst of winter… to give man so proud a command over Nature’. Kenneth Lemmon has said of the 1830s and advent of the portable Wardian case, which revolutionized the transport of plants, that ‘the gardeners of England had advanced in their techniques of propagation, in the structure of their propagating houses and covered gardens generally, so that it could be truthfully said they could grow almost anything from anywhere-once they had received it in a viable state’.2
ANOTHER man of the age was Thomas Knight, elected President of the London Horticultural Society in 1811. In his inaugural address he discussed a subject that was to occupy his fellow members for years to come-the construction of glasshouses. He blamed the members for the ‘generally very defective’

在被系统地记录下来。尽管战争常常是残暴无情，但知识是如此
的值得崇尚和欢迎，科学著作可以通过一张通行证呈现在敌人的
首都。作家Patrick O’Brian在他的系列航海小说中，用虚构的
人物DR STEPHEN MATURIN来描绘这种狂热，他作为MAN-FOR-WAR（
船的名字）船上的外科医生周游新世界，抓住每一个空闲的时机
来进行搜集和记录。后期维多利亚时代的作家们把这个时代归类
为一个温室癫狂的时代。这种狂热在世界范围内扩张着。在1810
年的时候，Walter Nicol 就写道，花园不像现在我们想的不带有
温室，或温室只是有一些火墙、框架和光。1803-1805年，
Napoleon Bonaparte的妻子Josephine de Beauharnais建造了一
座这样的温室。它处在十七世纪Chateau Malmaison的环境公园中
，这个公园连同一些邻接的农庄位于现在PAIRS市郊6英里地方的
塞纳河的一个转弯处。1799年，也就是她结婚的第三年，她买下
了这份地产，当时Bonaparte还在埃及。在亚眠和平条约期间
（1802年签署，并且只持续了14个月），Bonaparte的秘书
Francois de Meneval翻译了Josephine同欧洲和英国生物学家们
及苗木养育工们的往来信件，Josephine与他们做新型和珍
奇植物的交易，以此来完善她正在筹措中的植物收藏。这个收藏
，连同她的玫瑰花，将成为欧洲最好的一个。
温室设计的主要实验者们，也就是一些职业园艺家们通过严格的
实验，改良了人造气候环境。他们把改革和创新发表在新成立的
论坛上，象 园艺协会，周刊和园艺书。John Claudius Loudon
在他1817年的《温室建筑评论》的介绍上，叙述了这个新时代里
加入到他的园艺和植物研究协会的成员们：其中包括"达官显贵和
有影响的人",科学家和顶级园艺家,他们为这项研究带来了辉煌而
又十分有益的结果。LOUDON被这个“自由进步的时代”精神所深
深吸引，而且十分热衷于他自己的温室设计领域。现在,温室可以
让人们在隆冬季节展示春天的芬芳和夏季的浪漫，让人们感受到
统领自然的豪情。Kenneth Lemmon对十八世纪三十年代和彻底改
变植物运输方式的便携式沃德箱的出现，说“英国的园艺家们在
动植物繁育方面，在繁育房建设方面，在通常的绿色大棚方面，
已经遥遥领先，所以，我们可以坦率地说,他们可以培育从任何地
方所得到的任何还具有着生命迹象的东西。
这个时代的另一个人是THOMAS KNIGHT, 1811年，他当选为伦敦园
艺协会的会长。在他在就职演说中，他讨论了一个主题，就是让
他的成员们要从事几年的温室建造。他责备了成员，因为'都非常
地不健全'