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中国智能交通系统发展框架构想
史其信(清华大学交通研究所,北京,100084)

摘 要:八十年代以来,世界一些发达国家纷纷投入智能交通系统(ITS)的研究与开发,并已形成二十一世纪交通运输系统的发展方向。我国是一个发展中国家,随着经济的高速发展,城市化、汽车化急速发展,导致交通拥挤、事故增多、环境污染等问题日益恶化。本文针对我国的实际情况,对发展ITS的必要性、紧迫性进行分析,并对发展我国ITS的框架提出了设想。

关键词:ITS 信息管理 通信 电子收费系统

一、中国发展ITS的必要性与紧迫性

1.ITS的概念及其意义

ITS(Intelligent Transportation System)是以信息通信技术将人、车、路三者紧密协调、和谐统一,而建立起的大范围内、全方位发挥作用的实时、准确、高效的运输管理系统。

ITS将有效地利用现有交通设施、减少交通负荷和环境污染、保证交通安全、提高运输效率、促进社会经济发展、提高人民生活质量,并以推动社会信息化及形成新产业受到各国的重视。目前已形成世界二十一世纪的发展方向。

2.发展中国ITS的必要性 1)中国是一个经济持续发展的发展中国家,改革开放以来,城市化与汽车化发展十分迅猛。改革开放前,城市化水平不足19%,目前已经发展到超过30%,预测2010年将接近50%;机动车拥有量目前已达6000万辆,并以每年10%以上的速度增长,预计2010年达到1.3亿多辆;

2)中国城市交通的特点是混合交通,目前自行车拥有量超过1.8亿辆,如果公共交通服务水平不提高,城市交通结构不改善,自行车拥有量将会有增无减;

3)改革开放以来,中国道路交通设施及管理设施虽然有较大改观,但跟不上机动车增长速度。总体水平与发达国家有较大差距,特别是大多数城市路网结构不合理,道路功能不完善,道路系统不健全。

交通管理设施缺乏,管理水平不高。即使各地都建立了交通控制中心,大多只是实现了监视功能,而远没有发挥控制功能的效应;

4)中国城市的大气质量恶化,已逐步由无烟煤污染转变为机动车尾气污染。其主要原因是交通拥堵、车速下降以及车况差、车辆技术性能低等,致使在世界十大空气污染最严重的城市中,我国就据之有七。同时,车辆状况差也直接影响到城市交通,并已成为制约我国城市交通的重要因素。以车况较好的北京市为例,平均日故障次数达500次以上,给城市交通带来巨大压力。

二、中国发展ITS的主导思想

从上述必要性与紧迫性分析得到如下结论:

1.中国是一个发展中国家,与发达国家相比,我国在发展ITS的必要基础条件上还有较大差距,加上我国特有的混合交通特点,以及城市结构、路网结构、交通结构的不完善,因此要结合中国的国情来研究制定我国发展ITS的战略及发展框架;

2.中国交通运输正面临经济发展与资源制约的双重压力,因此也不能重复发达国家走过的老路,一定要立足本国实际,走中国ITS发展之路,以推动我国信息化进程及培育自己的ITS产业;

3.二十一世纪交通管理的发展趋势必将是管理体制的集约化;管理设施现代化;管理手段网络化、信息化、智能化;管理效率高效化;管理方式社会化。因此中国ITS的发展将带来一场交通管理体制与模式的变革,而这种变革将直接影响着ITS的发展。

三、中国发展ITS的目标及基本框架

综上所述,中国ITS的发展框架应逐步实现以下三个阶段目标:
(一)前期阶段(5年)
1.目标
缓解交通需求矛盾,提高交通通行能力,减少中心区交通负荷。

2.措施

1)完善道路网系统功能,实施主干道(含快速路)的交通监控;
2)加强交通需求管理(TDM),实施中心主要道路的收费管理,缓解中心区交通压力;
3)减少路口非机动车干扰,实施机动车—非机动车时空分离及对自行车实行IC卡管理;
4)路口渠化。实施信号灯优化配时及多相位信号控制;
5)提高公交服务水平。吸引一部分交通量,实施公交优先道路及优先信号;
6)公交线路网智能调度系统及信息服务系统。该系统运用GPS和计算机技术、信息网络技术实施运行起讫点的调度,运行期间的控制、突发事件的处理,并向乘客提供实时的车辆运营情况,车辆间隔时间等服务信息;
7)建立城市机动车紧急救援系统。机动车突发故障是目前造成我国城市交通拥堵的重要原因,及时、有效地处理故障将大幅度减轻交通堵塞的发生。依靠成熟的GPS定位技术、通信技术、计算机网络技术,并利用城市现有厂、站、救援车辆资源,再加以适当扩充,可以很快形成生产力;
8)严格执法,加强违章处理,实施电子抓拍和电视监视等科技手段;
9)开展动态交通分配理论方法研究,实施集中式交通控制系统软件的开发。

3.目的
该阶段的目的是充分利用现有条件,主要解决中心区交通拥堵,有目的地改进交通控制中心监控系统,改善交通结构,减少交通需求,为ITS创造必要的技术条件和交通环境。

4.阶段任务
该阶段同时要完成以下任务:
1)ITS标准化的制定;
2)ITS相关部门完成本行业ITS发展规划及信息化建设目标;
3)加强宣传、教育,发动有关企业开展ITS开发;
4)加强国际交流,了解国际ITS的动态,消化、吸收国际先进技术,研发我国ITS技术及产品;
5)进行ITS示范工程建设,推广应用ITS技术;

解答:

Chinese intelligence transportation system development frame
conception
Shi Qixin (Qinghua University transportation research
institute, Beijing, 100,084)

Abstract: Since the 80's, world some developed countries have
invested the intelligence transportation system in abundance (ITS) the
research and the development, and has formed the 21st century
transportation system the development direction. Our country is a
developing nation, along with the economical high speed development,
the urbanization, the motorization develops rapidly, causes traffic
congestion, the accident increases, question and so on environmental
pollution worsens day by day. This article in view of our country's
actual situation, to develops the ITS necessity, the pressing carries
on the analysis, and to developed our country ITS frame to propose the
tentative plan.

Key word: ITS information management correspondence electronic toll
collection system

First, China develops the ITS necessity and the pressing

1. ITS concept and its significance

ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) is by the information
communication the human, the vehicle, the road three close
coordinations, the harmonious unification, but establishes in wide
range, omni-directional display function real-time, accurate, highly
effective transportation management system.

ITS effectively will use the existing traffic facility, the reduced
transportation load and the environmental pollution, the guarantee
traffic safety, the enhancement transportation efficiency, the
promotion social economy development, improves the lives of the people
quality, and by will impel social becoming an information based
society and forms the new product industry to receive various
countries' the value. At present has formed the world for 21st century
the development directions.

Since 2. has developed the Chinese ITS necessity 1) China is the
developing nation which an economy continues to develop, the reform
and open policy, the urbanization and the motorization development is
extremely swift and violent. Before the reform and open policy, the
urbanized level is insufficient 19%, at present already developed to
surpasses 30%, forecast in 2010 will approach 50%; The vehicle
capacity has reached 60 million at present, and by every year 10%
above speed growth, estimated in 2010 achieves more than 130 million;

2) the China municipal transportation characteristic is the m-roof, at
present the bicycle capacity surpasses 180 million, if the mass
transit service level does not enhance, the municipal transportation
structure does not improve, the bicycle capacity will be able to
increase steadily;

Since 3) the reform and open policy, the China road traffic facility
and has managed the facility although has has a new look greatly, but
cannot follow the vehicle rate of rise. The aggregate level and the
developed country have the big disparity, the majority city road
network structure is specially unreasonable, the path function is
imperfect, the road system is not perfect.

The traffic control facility lacks, manages the level not to be high.
Even if each place has all established the transportation control
center, mostly only has realized the surveillance function, but was
far has not displayed the control function the effect;

4) the Chinese city mass of atmosphere worsens, transformed gradually
by the anthracite pollution into the vehicle exhaust pollution. Its
main reason is the transportation supports stops up, the vehicle speed
drop as well as the vehicle condition difference, the vehicles
technical performance low status, causes in the world ten big air
pollution most serious city, our country has according to it seven. At
the same time, the vehicles condition difference also directly affects
the municipal transportation, and has become restricts our country
municipal transportation the important attribute. Take vehicle
condition good Beijing as the example, the mean diurnal breakdown
number of times reaches 500 above time, brings the huge pressure for
the municipal transportation.