什么是主谓关系，动宾关系，被动关系，主动关系？是不是动宾关系包括被动和主动？

1.所谓"主谓关系"当然是指句子中主语和谓语之间的关系,最主要的是要遵守"主语和谓语一致"的关系,即,谓语动词在人称和数上应和主语一致.这一关系有很多实用的内容,并不是非常容易掌握的.
1).如果主语是个抽象概念和单一概念,谓语动词都是单数形式.
Growing vegetables needs constant watering.(抽象概念)
The iron and steel industry is the backbone of socialist
production.(单一概念)
2).如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有"with","together with","as
well as","no less than", "like","but",except"等引起的短语,谓语动词通常用单数形式.
An expert,together with some assistants, was sent to help
in this work.
3)."each",和由"some","any","no","every"构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.
Each of us has something to say.
Is everybody ready?
Nobody except my parents knows anything about it.
4)."what","who","which","any","more","most","all"等代词既可代表单数,也可代表复数.
Which is your room?(单数) Which are your rooms?(复数)
Here is some more.(单数,指不可数的东西)
Here are some more.(复数,指可数的东西)
"none"作复数看待时较多,但也可看成单数,决定于讲话人.在代表不可数的东西时总是看成单数.
None of the books are easy enough for us.(复数)
None of us has got a camera.(单数)
None of this worries me.(单数,不可数东西)
5)."people(人民,人)","police","cattle" "poultry",
"militia"等名词在任何情况下都用作复数.
Are there any police around?
The militia are all out drilling for May Day parade.
6).一个句子有二个主语,用"either...or","neither...nor"相连时,谓语通常和最邻近主语一致.
Either you or Lao Yang is to do the work.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my
daughter to change her mind.
还有其他更多内容,平时要多积累.
2.动宾关系指动词和宾语之间的关系,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语,前者是表示动作的承受者或结果,后者动作的方向或目标.
1).及物动词后面通常都跟有一个直接宾语,有时有些相当于及物动词的动词短语也跟有直接宾语.
2).间接宾语只是在某些动词后用,常见的有:give,show,send,
bring,offer,read,pass,lend,write,tell,allow,refuse,teach
,make,buy,do,get,order...还有不少.
3).间接宾语也可由"to"或" for"引起的短语表示.
例子在这里就不举了.
3.所谓"主动"和"被动"我们是指句子的语态:主动语态和被动语态.如果句子中主语表示的是行为者,动词要用主动语态,如果主语表示的是行为的对象,动词要用被动语态.对应的句子结构就称为主动结构和被动结构.
由于被动结构要用行为对象作主语,而行为对象只有及物动词才有,因此一般只有及物动词能用在被动结构中.不过有一部分不及物动词在和介词结合后成了相当于及物动词,介词的宾语成行为对象,可构成被动结构.当然,由及物动词构成的成语动词更可以用在被动结构中.
从以上所述,你可以大致了解主谓,动宾,主动,被动,的意义,要真正掌握,还须多花功夫.