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问题: 急高手帮翻译以下

摘要:《儒林外史》被誉为我国古典讽刺小说中一座难以逾越的山峰,是中国小说史上的一部带有开创意义的杰作。它以现实主义作为底色,以讽刺作为主要的艺术手段,特别是既能“以庄语责之”,又能“以谑语诛之”的卓越讽刺艺术,尤为文章增色不少。本文从这种“亦庄亦谐”的讽刺手法入手,着重分析和探讨了作者主观方面促成这一讽刺手法实现的原因及社会根源、文本所采用的具体实现方式及在讽刺文学史上的地位和成就。
(二)鲜明的对比手法。
  《儒林外史》的讽刺手法多种多样,其中,对比手法用得尤为普遍,尤为灵活。作品成功塑造了一系列活灵活现的人物形象,许多情节在设置上也令人过目难忘,让人产生强烈印象的原因之一就是这种对比手法的灵活运用,恰当的使用对比可以起到感染读者、增强艺术效果的功用,而作品所采用的对比手法又是千变万化、不一而足的,在分析和阅读过程中,应该有所区别。
  1.同一人物言行的前后比照。
  这是作者经常采用的一种讽刺方式,往往是将同一个人物先后截然相反的语言和行为相互对照,前后呼应,使其在对比中产生强烈的讽刺意味,达到不言而自明的目的。在描写同一人物时,特别善于抓住人物社会地位所发生的变化进行对比,从而反映出封建社会的世态炎凉。
  这类例证在文本中不胜枚举,范进中举前后丈人胡屠户态度的一百八十度大转变就是很典型的一个例子。事实上,仅看对范进称谓上的一系列变化就能窥见一斑:先是“现世宝穷鬼”“烂忠厚没用的人”“癞虾蟆想吃天鹅肉”,而范进中举后,就立刻将称呼变成了“天上的星宿”“贤婿老爷”“姑老爷”等,转变之快速、褒贬之鲜明令人瞠目结舌,啼笑皆非,胡屠户市井小人的势力嘴脸在这看似不经意的笔墨中被涂抹地栩栩如生,判若两人的称呼对比形象的揭露了这个势利小人的丑恶嘴脸。
还有一处不能不提的典型例证是原典第四十八回“徽州府烈妇殉夫”中 王玉辉对女儿殉节一事的前后心理变化。当三女儿说出要“跟着丈夫一处去了”的话后,公婆惊得泪如雨下,王玉辉却是不加劝阻,反而叫老妻同女儿话别。女儿绝食后,“王玉辉在家,依旧看书写字,候女儿的信息”,获悉死讯,他“仰天大笑道:‘死的好!死的好!’大笑着走出房门去了。”读到这里我们一定会对王玉辉的冷酷无情、迂腐不堪气愤不已,难道世间还有比父亲鼓励自己女儿饿死殉节更愚昧更可悲的事情吗?但真正到了祭奠时,他却是“转觉心伤,辞了不肯来。”去南京也是“悲悼女儿,凄凄惶惶”,以致“见船上一个少年穿白的妇人,他又想起女儿,心里哽咽,那热泪直滚出来。”前后比照,此时我们才真正看清:前面那个看似不近人情、灭绝人性的老腐儒的内心深处,是残留下的倍受压抑的人性同封建吃人礼教的尖锐冲突。到这儿除了“怒其不幸”的忿忿之情,我们更多了一点“哀其不争”的怜悯同情。对比手法的使用,使王玉辉这个人物形象真实、典型、丰满、鲜活,在“儒林”众生相中是给人印象颇深的一个,在他身上,明显地寄托有作者的微言大义,成为表达创作主旨的一面镜子。王玉辉把谬误当作神圣进行崇拜,本身是一个悲剧人物,在作品中他又以违背人伦的荒谬充当着喜剧角色,作者用这种方式试图唤醒的是世人的清醒与良知。
  2.不同人物间的言行比照。
  为了更广泛、准确地描摹好儒林众生相,作者往往将相关人物有意安排在一起,通过他们之间的对比,凸显个体特点和群体特征。第二回里,同是知识分子的王举人和老秀才周进就在作者笔下演绎了一段小插曲:“管家捧上酒饭,鸡、鱼、鸭、肉,堆满春台。王举人也不让周进,自己坐着吃了,收下碗去。落后,和尚送出周进的饭来,一碟老菜叶,一壶热水。周进也吃了。”“次早,天色已晴。王举人起来洗了脸,穿好衣服,拱一拱手,上船去了。撒了一地的鸡骨头、鸭翅膀、鱼刺、瓜子壳,周进昏头昏脑,扫了一早晨。”王惠身为举人,在当时仍不名一文的周进面前自然而然摆出一副作张作致的丑恶嘴脸,不论举止言行皆是气势凌人,一个“不让”就神情毕现,酒饭也是豪华丰盛、五色俱全,次早临行,也只“拱一拱手”去了,丝毫没有把旁人放在眼里的意思。周进这个老儒生穷愁落魄一生,坐馆度日,论诗书恐怕绝不比王惠差到哪儿去,却只因为没有考取功名郁郁不能得志,白白遭人奚落、受人嘲讽。在王举人面前,他表现的唯唯诺诺,一副晚生的低三下四,饭菜更是无法与王举人的相提并论,“和尚送出”的仅仅是聊以充饥的“一碟老菜叶,一壶热水”,举人的残羹冷炙却让他“昏头昏脑,扫了一早晨”。均是读书人,在这个八股取士的时代,功名的悬殊造就了截然不同的两种人生境况,当我们把后面周进发迹后的情形同这里联系起来阅读的时候,就会发现,发达后的周进不过就是此时王惠的一个翻版,而那种教育体制下大多读书人正在经历或即将经历的也不过就是这样一个过程:困顿——功名——富贵。这是对科举体制的弊端进行切实体会之后的觉醒和了悟,正是作品深刻之处的体现。与之类似的对比手法,文本中的例子还有很多,其使用对彰显整部作品的主旨都起到了非常重要的作用,是我们进行阅读时不可忽视的一种写作手法。
  3.环境、气氛的戏剧性对比。
  除了前面提及的人物对比外,《儒林外史》还采用了以庄重的语言写滑稽的场面的对比手法,即在同一场合,选择一些现实生活中常见的事件,构成一种极不协调的气氛,以示作者对某些反面人物的嘲弄和揶揄。这一手法吸收并改造了杂剧等戏剧文学的特点,是一种非常具有喜剧特色的表现手法。
  来看第五回严监生的扶正大典:先是“行礼已毕,大厅、二厅、书房、内堂屋,官客并堂客,共摆了二十多桌酒席。”王氏死后,“严监生哭着走了进去,只见赵氏扶着床沿一头撞去,已经哭死了。”“管家都在厅上,堂客都在堂屋候硷,只有两个舅奶奶在房里,乘着人乱,将些衣服、金珠首饰一掳精空,连赵氏方才戴的赤金冠子滚在地下,也拾起来藏在怀里。”本是一个非常严肃、庄重的场合,作者却在其中安排了两个舅奶奶的卑琐行径进行对比,如此一来,这幅画面的色调显得极不统一,产生出强烈的喜剧效果。一方面这样的戏剧笔法给人滑稽诙谐的审美感受,另一方面却也展现了浑浑噩噩的世人道德沦丧的悲剧,再现了那个时代人性的虚伪、猥琐、可怜、平庸和污秽。而在长期的中世纪式的社会里,人们就是这样代代相承地生活着。我们可以体会得出,作者在写作过程中的心情是异常沉重的。
  在创作《儒林外史》时,作者磨砺出种种讽刺的武器,对比手法就是他常操在手,运用自如的一杆投枪。在冷静的叙述中,把自己的倾向饱含在各种活生生的形象里,让读者去比较、判断,在具体文本中更是结合其他讽刺手法腾挪跌宕,变幻莫测,从而使文本摇曳生姿,为其增色不少。

解答:

" The Scholars " is praised as our country and satirize a insurmountable mountain peak in the novel classically, it is one in the Chinese novel history that has masterpieces which opens the meaning. It regards realism as the bottom, by means of satirizing and is regarded as the main one artistically, especially can "it is by village language responsibility ",also can " in order to teasing language putting to death " satire art not remarkable, particularly the article adds much beauty to. This text starts with this kind of satire tactics that are " also also in harmony in the village ", have analysed and probed into the reason why author's subjective respect facilitate this satire tactics to realize and social origin emphatically, what the text adopts realizes the way and positions and achievements in the history of satirizing literature concretly.
(2) distinct contrast tactics. The satire tactics of " The Scholars " are varied , among them, compare with the tactics and use it particularly generally, particularly flexible. The works have succeeded in moulding a series of vivid personages image, a lot of plots make people look over so as to check and can not forget too in setting up , let people produce the flexible application that one of the reasons on the strong impression is this kind of contrast tactics, appropriate use is it can is it get infect reader , strengthen artistic function of result to get up to compare with, and the contrast tactics that the works adopt are changeable , numerous, in the course of analysing and reading, should distinguish to some extent .
1. Contrast before and after the same personage's words and deeds. This is a kind of satire way that an author often adopts, is often language and behavior that successively completely contradicted the same personage to contrast each other, echo from beginning to end , make it produce strong satire mean speak and self-evident purpose in not comparing with. Especially good at catching the change taking place in personage's social status and carrying on the contrast while describing the same personage , thus reflect following one's power or setback of feudal society.
This kind of illustration is too numerous to mention in texts , great transition of 180 degrees of father-in-law butcher Hu's attitude is a very typical example before and after Fan enters to pass the imperial examinations at the provincial level. Whether in fact , is it enter to Fan a series of of appellation is it can detect one spot to change to see alone. " this life treasure poor spirit " " rotten honest and tolerant of no use person " " Ma , shrimp of leprosy , want to take swans meat " first, and Fan is it after passing the imperial examinations at the provincial level , is it change " in the sky constellation " " virtuous son-in-law master " " the aunt master" ,etc. to call at once to enter, the fast , distinctness passed judgement on changed makes people stare dumb-founded, annoyed and sneered at the behaviours or things made, force look of Hu butcher philistines daub in here is seemingly careless pen and ink lifelike, the call becoming quite a different person compared with the image revealed this snob's repulsive look.
Have one model that cannot but withdraw it illustrates to be original allusion quatation chapter 48 Wang YuHui psychological change before and after being to sacrifice life for section to daughter in " Hui Zhou office strong woman sacrifice life for ". Is it want of " follow as three daughter first of husband go " to say, husband's father and mother shy so that tears fall like rain, but Wang YuHui does not dissuade from , let old wife and daughter say good-bye instead. After the daughter goes on a hunger strike, " Wang YuHui still reads and writes at home, whether wait information of daughter ", learn news of death, he " smile by Yang TianDa. ' die good! The death one is good! ' go out of the door laughing. "ead here unfeeling pedantic to can't bear being angry endlessly to YuHui Wang, encourage one's own daughter to die of hunger to sacrifice life for anything more sad ignorant more than father in this world ? But arrive when holding a memorial ceremony for really, he to " is it feel heart to be wounded to transfer to , unwilling to come diction have. "Go Nanjing to " mourn daughter is sad and in a state of anxiety " too , " see ship a teenager pierce through the white woman, he remembers the daughter again, chokes with sobs in the heart, that hot tears roll out directly . "Contrast from beginning to end, we really see clearly at this moment: That preceding old pedantic scholar who is unnatural , inhuman is in the heart of hearts , remain human nature and feudal sharp conflict of eating people's Confucian or feudal ethical codes depressing extremely made . Get here except anger feeling of anger of " anger misfortune their ", getting more any pity on " sad their fight for " sympathize with we have. Compare use of tactics with , make Wang jade brightness the personage image true , model , plump , lifelike, all living creature is it give somebody impression quite dark one , on him to take a fancy to in " academic circles ", have the author's sublime words with deep meaning to find sustenance obviously , become and express a mirror which is created purport . YuHui Wang regard falsehood as sacred to is it worship to go on, itself a tragic personage, he serves as the comedy role for the absurdity of violating human relation in the works, what the author attempted to wake up in this way is the common people's sober and intuitive knowledge.
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