How much do you earn per week?能这样说吗：
What can you earn per week?

This is not my umbrella. 能这样说吗：It is not my umbrella.翻译成汉语有什么不同吗？可以这样吗？

What colour is your new dress?能这样说吗：
What is your new dress's colour?

Are they washing dishes? 能这样吗：Are they washing the dishes?

The village is on a river.可以是这么说吗：The village is near a river. (near和 on不都是旁边吗)

我这样的学习英语行吗？感觉我的问题很不上档次的感觉。。

How much do you earn per week?不能这样说：
What can you earn per week?
因为:how much本身是多少钱的意思,what没有此意.

This is not my umbrella. 能这样：It is not my umbrella.翻译成汉语差别不大.前者是指这个,后者要有上下文,有问有答的情况下使用.
What colour is your new dress?不能这样说：
What is your new dress's colour? 是汉语式的英语

Are they washing dishes? 不能这样：Are they washing the dishes? 因为含义不同:前者是:他们在洗盘子吗? 后者是:他们正在洗那些盘子吗?

The village is on a river.不可以是这么说：The village is near a river. 两句的含义不同.
on是指在河的两岸都有城市的范围所在地.near指的是在附近