问题: 高中的非谓语
to have done 和 having done 的区别和用法
解答:
to have done 是不定式的完成式。它主要用于:
1。与 was/were连用表示未完成的计划或安排:
The house was to have been ready today.这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)
2。 与appear,happen,pretend,seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:
He seems to be a great athlete.他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seems that he is…
我们的印象是他是……
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seemed that he was…
那时我们的印象是他是一名……
不定式的完成式:He seems to have been… 他看来曾经是…相当于:
It seems that he was…
我们的印象是他曾经是……
He seemed to have been…
那时看来他曾经是……相当于:
It seemed that he had been…
那时我们的印象是他曾经是……
这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如:
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于:
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended to have read the book.相当于:He pretended that he had read it.
他假装曾经读过那本书。
3 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:
He is understood to have left the country.
据了解他已经离开了这个国家。
4 不定式的完成式可与claim,expect,hope,promise连用,但不那么常见:
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于:
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。
having done 可以表示动名词的完成式,如果我们提到的是过去的行为,可用这一形式而不用动名词的一般式:He was accused of having deserted his ship.他被控弃船逃跑。
having done 还可以表示分词的完成式
分词的完成式强调第一个动作在第二个动作开始前就已经完成,但除非使用现在分词的一般式可能使意思混淆不清外,一般不必要使用这种结构。下面是造成混淆的一个例子:Reading the instructions,he snatched up the fire extinguisher。这句话给人的印象好像是两个动作同时发生的。因此在这里用分词的完成式比较合适:
Having read the instructions,he snatched up the fire extinguisher.
看完了说明书之后,他迅速拿起了灭火器。
如果两个动作之间有一段间隔,则必须用分词的完成式:
Having failed twice,he didn’t want to try again.
已经失败了两次,他不想再试了。
如第一个动作持续一段时间时,也必须用分词的完成式:
Having been his own boss for such a long time,he found it hard to acceptorders from another.
自己当老板已经这么久了,他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。
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