定语从句
⊙概述 定语从句是定语的一种特殊形式，定语从句中的中心词叫做先行词。形容词常作定语，因此定语从句又称形容词性从句。定语从句也有限制性和非限制性之分，注意两种形式的翻译。例如：
I still remember the day when we went out for a picnic . .(限制性定语从句)
至今我仍记得我们一起外出野餐的那一天。
This pupil studies very well , whose father feels glad .（非限制性定语从句）
这位小学生学习不错， 他的爸爸感到挺高兴。
⊙重点 ①关系词的选择。主要是：which和that区别；as和which用法；介词+关系词。
②关系代词的省略。
③定语从句和其他句型区别。
在复习过程中树立辨证、全面的观点，由普遍到特殊，结合具体语境发散思维。切忌死背语法条目，只记特殊情况，忽略一般情况，形成思维定势。例如：
1. ---Look ! My name is on the bag .
--- Yes . I think this is the same bag _____ you lost yesterday .
A. as B. that C. like D. who
2. (2002 上海春季) Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
【答案与分析】如果认为the same修饰的先行词后用as，reason后面用why，两个题目必错无疑。1. B根据上下语境，指“同一个包”，并非同类。2. A the reason在定语从句中作宾语。
⊙典型错误 书面表达使用定语从句常出现下列错误：①成分多余或缺失；②从句主谓不一致；③关系词误用或搭配错误；④与其他句型混淆。
单句改错
1. The boy I helped him that day isn’t good at English .
2. Who is the soldier gave us a speech last month ?
3. I , who is in Australia , feel proud of being a Chinese .
4. All what she could do was to go to church .
5. The building which roof we can see is a school .
6. The girl failed in the exam , that made us disappointed .
7. I still remember the house which I lived when I was a child .
8. They talked an hour things and persons who they remembered .
9. Is this factory where he works ?
10.The citizens welcomed the new mayor , most of who are workers .
【答案与分析】1、删除him，如果使用关系代词可在I 前加that/who/whom；2、在gave前加that。注意关系代词作主语不能省略，为避免歧义，本句不能使用who；3、is改为am，应根据先行词确定谓语动词的形式；4、有2种改正方式：①删除all，句子为主语从句；②删除what或者把what改为that。5、有2种改正方式：①误用关系代词which，表示所有关系，关系代词作定语要用whose；②在which前后分别加of和the。6、that改为which或as，两者可以代替整个句子。位于句首只能用as，即As made us disappointed ，the girl failed in the exam .7、①which改为where；②lived后面加in，此时which还可that或省略；③which前加in。8、①删除who；②将who改为that，先行词既指人又指物，使用that。想一想：还有哪些情况只用that而不用which？9、this factory为主语，不是先行词，可where前加the one； 10、who改为whom，其它改法参考（二）§2定语从句的转换。
⊙命题 定语从句的命题一般不会太偏。单项选择命题以“隐身”为显著特点，即隐藏定语从句真面目不被轻易发现：
①以假乱真：借助名词性从句、强调句等形似句型混淆。例如：It was (at ) the bus stop ______we met the singer and dancer . 保留at是强调句，填that；去掉是定语从句，应填where/at which。
②改头换面：采用并列复合句，使句子结构复杂化。例如：Do you think that it could be in the inn in _____ you sang a folk song yesterday _____ you lost your passport ?此句包含宾语从句的疑问句、强调句和定语从句，应填which和that。
③笑里藏刀：借助关系词辨析、标点符号、插入语等手段，增加试题难度。例如：
A. it B. as C. that D. what E. which
1.______ is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth .
2.______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth .
3.______ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth .
4.______ everybody knows, the moon travels round the earth .
5.The moon travels round the earth ,______ everybody knows.
【答案】1.B; 2.A; 3.D; 4. B; 5. A/E
【高考衔接】2004上海春季高考的36、37、38和41题。
1. (36)A fast food restaurant is the place ______ , just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly .
A. which B. where C. there D. what
2.(37) It was only with the help of the local guide _______.
A. was the mountain climber rescued
B. that the mountain climber was rescued
C. when the mountain climber was rescued
D.then the mountain climber was rescued
3.(38) The other day , my brother drove his car down the street at _____ I thought was a dangerous speed .
A. as B. which C. what D. that
4.(41)Along with the letter was his promise _____ he would visit me this coming Christmas .
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
【答案与分析】1. B先行词the place和从句之间加入插入语just as the name suggests，使两者分隔，加大了辨别难度。2.B本题实际考查强调句，其中A,D两个选项迷惑性较强，前者借助倒装，后者借助定语从句模样加以干扰。3.C 如果不正确分析结构，容易选择B. what I thought was a dangerous speed作at的宾语 .4. B 为保持句子平衡，本句进行了部分倒装，his promise是主语，后面为that引导的同位语从句。
三、定语从句的合成和转换
§1定语从句的合成
定语从句的合成是1+1=1，即2个简单句合并成1个复合句。例如：
Tom has an English book . ①
The cover of it is very beautiful . ②
把①②合并成一个句子表达：Tom有本封面很漂亮的英语书。
找重合 an English book = it
合并 Tom has an English book the cover of it is very beautiful .（an English book 和it重复）
换关系词Tom has an English book the cover of which is very beautiful.（which起替代、连接简化和在从句中作宾语作用）
其它表达形式：
① Tom has an English book of which the cover is very beautiful.
② Tom has an English book whose cover is very beautiful.
另外，上述三个定语从句还可以使用非限定性定语从句形式，这样共有6个定语从句。
§2定语从句的转换
（一）合久必分。定语从句首先可以转换为2个简单句，即1=1+1的“断句”。断句是把握定语从句结构的关键。（参考§1）
（二）定语从句可以转换为单词或短语的定语，使其简单化。
（1）非限制性定语从句转化为两个简单句、并列句或同位语形式。例如：
I found many flowers in the garden , most of which were red →
①I found many flowers in the garden ; most of them were red .(两个简单句)
②I found many flowers in the garden . Most of them were red . (两个简单句)
③I found many flowers in the garden ,and most of them were red.（并列句）
④I found many flowers in the garden and most of them were red.（并列句）
We finally reached London , which was the end of our journey . →
We finally reached London , the end of our journey .（同位语）
（2）限制性定语从句可以转化成含有形容词、非谓语动词或介词的短语。
※在定语从句中，如果谓语动词是主动语态，就用现在分词短语替换；如果是被动语态，可用过去分词替换。如果是单个动词要放在中心词之前，动词短语要后置。
①The girl who is crying is my sister . →The crying girl is my sister .
②The girl who is crying behind the tree is my sister . →
The girl crying behind the tree is my sister .
③This is a story which was written by Charles Dickens . →
This is a story written by Charles Dickens .
④The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking . →
The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking .
※在定语从句中，如果含有情态动词或先行词前有序数词、last、next等，可以转化为含有不定式作定语的简单句。
①You need someone who can look after you . →
You need someone to look after you .
② Mary was the first student who arrived at the square . →
※ 在定语从句中，如果谓语动词含有be的形式，表语是介词短语、形容词（短语），在不影响理解的前提下，可以转化成上述短语作定语的简单句。
①The girl who is behind the tree is my sister . →
The girl behind the tree