问题: 英汉翻译200803(人名地名等专有名称翻译时可跳过)
更进一步分析我们发现,不光是对细节和动作的描述会具有讲述的功能,上面报道中的“绅士”一词,也明显地包含有记者自身的主观评价。尽管美国新闻界为了保证报道的客观性,要求在新闻写作中只用名词和动词,而极端反对使用主观倾向表现强烈的形容词和副词,但这个例子告诉我们,即使是名词,也会存在着潜在的主观判断。从这个意义上来讲,客观报道原则只能是“原则”而已,美国新闻记者在新闻叙事中总是隐含着含蓄的主观性和隐蔽的倾向性。所谓客观报道,只是在记者的引导下,受众产生的一种错觉和幻象。
需要注意的是,在客观报道原则的旗帜之下,美国的新闻媒体在全球范围积极和有效地宣扬着美国式的价值体系和意识形态,使得自身成为美国对内对外进行宣传的主导力量。美国国家安全委员会在1950年就对“宣传”做出了如下定义:“有组织地运用新闻、辩解和呼吁等方式散布信息或某种教义,以影响特定人群的思想和行为。”[4]P97在这里,新闻报道已经被列为美国进行宣传的首要途径。
然而,从受众的阅读感受来看,美国的新闻文本依然能够给人以客观、公正、独立的感受,从而避免了一般意义上宣传往往带来的枯燥、说教和令人反感的负面印象。奥秘何在呢?其实,正是由于美国媒体高度重视新闻报道的叙事技巧,擅长用客观化的手法来表达主观倾向,从而使得这种宣传具有了让人“看不见”的特点。值得我们借鉴的是,美国记者的主观倾向由于往往隐藏在客观化叙述手法的背后,所以较为隐蔽而不易让人察觉,但在阅读过程中,含蓄有效的暗示比简单直接的议论更能有效地影响与造就读者的判断,记者给读者的潜移默化的影响也是更加不可抗拒的。正如美国心理战专家理查德•克罗斯曼(Richard Crossman)所说:“上乘的宣传看起来要好像从未进行过一样”。最好的宣传应该能“让被宣传的对象沿着你所希望的方向行进,而他们却认为是自己在选择方向。”在受众不知不觉之中,美国的主流意识形态和文化霸权已经有效地完成了它的扩张。
解答:
After further analysis,we found that not only the description of details and actions owns the function of account but also that the word "gentleman" in report above involves the journalist's personal evaluation.Although, for protecting the objectivity of the news,American journalism just use noun and verb in news reporting and radically oppose use the adjective which strongly owns subjectivity.but we can conclude from this example that even nouns own subjectivity potentially.So, the so called objective report principle is nothing but a principle,American journalists are subjective and tendentious in news writing.About the objective report ,it is just a illusion produced by multitude under the journalists' guidance .
what we should be cautious is that under the flag of object report principle ,the American mass media take initiative in advocating the value system and Ideology which are American style,which become the leading power for inside and outside propagation of America .In 1950s ,The National Safety Council defined the "propagation" as following : organically use news ,explanations and appeals to distribute some information or doctrine so as to infuence the thinking and action of a certain group.Now ,news reporting has became a main method to propagation.
However,from people's feedback after reading, The American news still can provide us an objective ,fair and independent feeling,which avoid the negative expressions that were tedious ,mechanic and disgusting previously.So where is the secret?In fact ,just because the American media paid high emphasis on writing skills in the news reporting and are excelled in using an objective description to express subjective opinions ,whcih makes the propagation invisible.But during the reading ,using implication is more effective to influence people's judgement than direct debate and the effect given by journalist is more irresistible.Just as what Richard Crossman , a famous psychologist,said :"a good propagation seems never had happened" The best propagation can make them , who were propagated by you,act on what your wish and think they are working on their on opinions."Without self-consciousness ,the mainstream Ideology and cultural hegemony of the America have finished its dilation .
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