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问题: by a year ago?by?

What we do know is that () three and a half billion years ago the highly complicated DNA molecules had appeared.
()里为什么要填by?填by怎么理解?填even或不填可不可以?

解答:

这里 by 的意思是"最早可追溯到(35亿年前)", 指时间的一个点(不会超过),看一下下面的例子:

He is going to finish the project by the end of the year.
他最晚年底前会把这个项目做完.

如果用even, 也是可以的, 可意思就不同了.