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问题: By the time

By the time he was twelve, Edison ________(begin) to make a living by himself.

解答:

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.
到爱迪生五岁时, 他已经开始自己谋生了。
by the time 一般情况下, 用于完成时态, 由于此句时间状语为一般过去时, 因此主句应用过去完成时。